region are rapidly shifting from extraction of non-timber forest products to mixed systems based on agriculture and small scale cattle ranching. Using a combination of participatory methods and Geographical Information Systems, a case study in western
explores how rubber tapper livelihood strategies may be changing, and the implications of these changes for land use and forest cover. Field (cattle pasture and agriculture) expansion and the decline of forest extractivism present challenges to many regional conservation and development projects such as sustainable settlement projects and extractive reserves seeking to develop forest-based livelihood alternatives to limit deforestation. Sustainability goals require researchers and policy makers to address the still experimental status of these forest-based organizational units, the heterogeneity and dynamism of extractivist livelihoods, and the necessary importance of small-scale cattle ranching for insurance and income generation among many former and current extractivists.
References
Allegretti, 1990 M.H. Allegretti, Extractive reserves: an alternative for reconciling development and environmental conservation in Amazonia. In: A.B. Anderson, Editor, Alternatives to Deforestation Steps Toward Sustainable Use of the Amazon rain Forest, Columbia University Press, New York (1990), pp. 252–264.
Allegretti, 1994 Allegretti, M.H., 1994. Reservas extrativistas: Parâmetros para uma política de desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. In: Arnt, R. (Ed.), O destino da floresta reservas extrativistas e desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro, Relume-Dumará, pp. 17–47.
Allegretti, 2002 Allegretti, M.H., 2002. A construção social de políticas ambientais. Chico Mendes e o movimento dos seringueiros. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
Almeida, 1994 Almeida, M., 1994. As reservas extrativistas e o valor da biodiversidade. In: Arnt, R. (Ed.), O destino da floresta reservas extrativistas e desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro, Relume-Dumará, pp. 257–276.
Almeida, 1996 Almeida, M., 1996. The Management of conservation areas by traditional populations: the case of the Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve. In: Redford, K.H., Mansour, J.A. (Eds.), Traditional peoples and biodiversity conservation in large tropical landscapes. Arlington, Nature Conservancy, pp. 137–157.
Almeida and Menezes, 1994 Almeida, M., Menezes, M.A., 1994. Acre-Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá. In: Arnt, R. (Ed.), O destino da floresta reservas extrativistas e desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro, Relume-Dumará, pp. 165–225.
Almeida and Campari, 1995 A.L.O. de Almeida and J.S. Campari, Sustainable Settlement in the Brazilian Amazon, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1995).
Andersen et al., 2002 L.E. Andersen, C.W.J. Granger, E.J. Reis, D. Weinhold and S. Wunder, The Dynamics of Deforestation and Economic Growth in the Brazilian Amazon, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002).
Anderson, 1989 A.B. Anderson, Estratégias de uso da tera para reservas extrativistas da Amazônia, Pará Desenvolvimento 25 (1989), pp. 30–37.
Anderson, 1992 A.B. Anderson, Land-use strategies for successful extractive economies in Amazonia. In: D.C. Nepstad and S. Schwartzman, Editors, Non-timber Products from Tropical Forests Evaluation of a Conservation and Development Strategy, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx (1992), pp. 67–77.
Anderson, 1994 Anderson, A.B., 1994. Extrativismo vegetal e reservas extrativistas. In: Arnt, R. (Ed.), O destino da floresta reservas extrativistas e desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro, Relume-Dumará, pp. 227–245.
Arima et al., 2006 Arima, E., Barreto, P., Brito, M., 2006. Cattle Ranching in the Amazon: Trends and Implications for Environmental Conservation. Belém, Imazon.
Ávila, 2006 Ávila, C., 2006. Dos estragos, o menor. O Eco April 22. (accessed 23.05.2006).
Bakx, 1988 K.S. Bakx, From proletarian to peasant – rural transformation in the state of Acre, 1870–1986, Journal of Development Studies 24 (2) (1988), pp. 141–160. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (8)
Barham and Coomes, 1996 B. Barham and O.T. Coomes, Prosperity’s Promise: The Amazon Rubber Boom and Distorted Economic Development, Westview Press, Boulder (1996).
Becker, 1990 Becker, B., 1990. Amazônia. São Paulo, Ática.
Borges, 2003 Borges, E.A., 2003. Each monkey in its twig. Web published Gender & Environment IUCN Report, pp. 1–20. .
Brianezi, 2005 Brianezi, Thaís. 2005. Pecuária está derrubando floresta na Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes. Folha do Amapá July 20. (accessed 22.07.2005).
Browder, 1990 J.O. Browder, Extractive reserves will not save tropics, Bioscience 40 (9) (1990), p. 626.
Browder, 1992 J. Browder, The limits of extractivism: tropical forest strategies beyond extractive reserves, Bioscience 42 (3) (1992), pp. 174–183. Full Text via CrossRef
Brown and Rosendo, 2000a K. Brown and S. Rosendo, Environmentalists, rubber tappers and empowerment: the politics and economics of extractive reserves, Development and Change 31 (1) (2000), pp. 201–227. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (21)
Brown and Rosendo, 2000b K. Brown and S. Rosendo, The institutional architecture of extractive reserves in Rondonia, Brazil, Geographical Journal 166 (2000), pp. 35–48. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (11)
Brown et al., 1992 I.F. Brown, D.C. Nepstad, I.D. Pires, L.M. Luz and A.S. Alechandre, Carbon storage and land-use in extractive reserves, Acre, Brazil, Environmental Conservation 19 (4) (1992), pp. 307–315.
Brown et al., 1995 I.F. Brown, A.S. Alechandre, H.S.Y. Sassagawa and M.A. da Aquino, Empowering local communities in land-use management: the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil, Cultural Survival Quarterly 18 (4) (1995), pp. 54–57.
Brown et al., 2002 Brown, I.F., Brilhante, S.H.C., Mendoza, E., de Oliveira, I.R., 2002. Estrada de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil aos portos do Pacífico: Como maximizar os benefícios e minimizar os prejuízos para o desenvolvimento sustentável da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental. Encuentro Internacional de Integración Regional – Bolívia, Brasil y Perú. Lima, Editora CEPEI (Centro Peruano de Estudios Internacionales).
Bunker, 1985 S.G. Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State, University of Illinois Press, Urbana (1985).
Câmara, 2002a E.L. Câmara, A atividade pesqueira e as perspectivas de manjeo comunitario, Serie Assentamento Sustentável São Salvador vol. II, PESACRE, Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil (2002).
Câmara, 2002b E.L. Câmara, Diagnóstico sócio-econômico e ecológico, Série Assentamento Sustentável São Salvador vol. I, PESACRE, Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil (2002).
Campbell, 1996 Campbell, C.E., 1996. Forest, field and factory: changing livelihood strategies in two extractive reserves in the Brazilian Amazon. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Cardoso, 2002 C.A.S. Cardoso, Extractive Reserves in Brazilian Amazonia: Local Resource Management and The Global Political Economy, Ashgate, Hampshire (2002).
Castelo, 1999 Castelo, C.E.F., 1999. Avaliaçăo econômica da producçăo familiar na Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes. Master’s Thesis. UNIR, UFSC, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
CNS/FUNTAC/CIDA, 1992 CNS/FUNTAC/CIDA, 1992. Relatório do levantamento sócio economico da Reserva Chico Mendes e projetos de assentamentos extrativistas da regiăo do Acre Purús. Unpublished report, Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil.
CNS, 1993 Conselho Nacional dos Seringueiros (CNS), 1993. Diretrizes para um programa de reservas extrativistas na Amazônia. Rio Branco, Poronga.
Colfer et al., 1999 Colfer, C.J., P., Brocklesby, M.A., Diaw, C. Etuge, P., Gunter, M., Harwell, E., McDougall, C., Miyasaka Porro, N., Porro, R., Prabhu, R., Salim, A., Sardjono, M.A., Tchikangwa, B., Tiani, A.M., Wadley, R., Woelfel, J., Wollenberg, E., 1999. The BAG Basic Assessment Guide for Human Well-Being. Jakarta, CIFOR.
Conover, 2003 T. Conover, Peru’s long haul: highway to riches or ruin?, National Geographic Magazine (June) (2003), pp. 80–99.
Coomes, 1995 O.T. Coomes, A century of rain forest use in Western Amazonia: lessons for extraction-based conservation of tropical forest resources, Forest and Conservation History 39 (1995), pp. 108–120. Full Text via CrossRef
Coomes and Barham, 1997 O.T. Coomes and B.L. Barham, Rain forest extraction and conservation in Amazonia, Geographical Journal 163 (1997), pp. 180–188. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (34)
Coomes et al., 2004 O.T. Coomes, B.L. Barham and Y. Takasaki, Targeting conservation-development initiatives in tropical forests: insights from analyses of rain forest use and economic reliance among Amazonian peasants, Ecological Economics 51 (1–2) (2004), pp. 47–64. SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (390 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (6)
Cunha and Almeida, 2002 Cunha, M.C. da, Almeida, M., 2002. Enciclopédia da floresta: O Alto Juruá: Práticas e conhecimentos das populaço˝es. Săo Paulo, Companhia das letras.
Dean, 1987 W. Dean, Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1987).
Downing, 1992 In: T.E. Downing, Editor, Development or Destruction: The Conversion of Tropical Forest to Pasture in Latin America, Westview Press, Boulder (1992).
Ehringhaus, 2006 Ehringhaus, C., 2006. Post-victory dilemmas: land use, development policies, and social movement in Amazonian extractive reserves. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, Hartford, Connecticut.
Esteves, 1999 Esteves, B., 1999. Do “manso” ao guardião da floresta. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
Faminow, 1998 M.D. Faminow, Cattle, Deforestation, and Development in the Amazon: An Economic, Agronomic, and Environmental Perspective, CAB International, Wallingford and New York (1998).
Fearnside, 1989 P.M. Fearnside, Extractive reserves in Brazilian Amazonia, Bioscience 39 (6) (1989), pp. 387–393. Full Text via CrossRef
Ferreira, 2004 Ferreira, E., 2004. Governo cria Parque Chandless para garantir segurança na Amazônia. Pagina, 20 September 4. Sec. Política, p. 1. (accessed 11.04.2005).
Fragoso et al., 2002 J.M.V. Fragoso, M.C. dos Santos and V.M.L. do Nascimento, A Fauna Silvestre e as Práticas de Caça, Série Assentamento Sustentável São Salvador vol. III, PESACRE, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (2002).
Garrafiel, 2004 Garrafiel, D.R., 2004. As políticas públicas de desenvolvimento sustentável no estado do Acre, de 1999 a 2002. Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco.
Goeschl and Igliori, 2006 T. Goeschl and D.C. Igliori, Property rights for biodiversity conservation and development: extractive reserves in the Brazilian Amazon, Development and Change 37 (2) (2006), pp. 427–451. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (2)
Gomes, 2001 Gomes, C.V.A. 2001. Dynamics of land use in an Amazonian extractive reserve: the case of the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve in Acre, Brazil. Master’s Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Government of Acre, 2000 Government of Acre., 2000. Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico do Acre. Apectos socioeconômicos e ocupaçăo territorial, vol. 2. Rio Branco: Secretaria de Estado de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente.
Gradwohl and Greenberg, 1988 J. Gradwohl and R. Greenberg, Saving the tropical forests, Longwood Publisher Group, Washington, DC (1988).
Guerra, 2002 Guerra, R.M.N., 2002. É possivel atingir a sustentabilidade nos assentamentos de reforma agrária na Amazônia Legal?. O caso do PDS Săo Salvador no estado do Acre. Master’s Thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia.
Guerra, 2004 R.M.N. Guerra, Verificando a viabilidade do PDS Săo Salvador no estado do Acre, Ambiente & Sociedade 7 (1) (2004), pp. 157–167.
Hall, 1997 A.L. Hall, Sustaining Amazonia: Grassroots Action for Productive Conservation, Manchester University Press, Manchester (1997).
Hecht and Cockburn, 1990 S.B. Hecht and A. Cockburn, The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon, Harper-Perennial, New York (1990).
Homma, 1992 A.K.O. Homma, The dynamics of extraction in Amazonia: a historical perspective. In: D.C. Nepstad and S. Schwartzman, Editors, Non-timber Products from Tropical Forests Evaluation of a Conservation and Development Strategy, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx (1992), pp. 23–31.
IBAMA, 2007 Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), 2007. Lista das unidades de conservaçăo federais. Web page of IBAMA: (accessed 31.01.2007).
IBGE, 2005 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), 2005. IBGE web page: (accessed 20.04.2005).
INPE, 2000 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2000. Monitoramento da floresta amazônica Brasileira por satélite: 1998–1999. Săo José dos Campos, Săo Paulo, Brazil, INPE.
Irving and Millikan, 1997 Irving, M.A., Millikan, B.H., 1997. Programa piloto para a proteçăo das florestas tropicais do Brasil: Projecto reservas extrativistas, avaliaçăo de meio-termo, relatório de avaliaçăo independente. Brasilia, PNUD-Projecto BRA/92/043.
Kaimowitz et al., 2004 Kaimowitz, D., Mertens, B., Wunder, S., Pacheco, P. 2004. Hamburger connection fuels Amazon destruction. Center for International Forestry Research. (accessed 20.05.2006).
Kainer and Duryea, 1992 K.A. Kainer and M.L. Duryea, Tapping women’s knowledge: plant resource use in extractive reserves, Acre, Brazil, Economic Botany 46 (4) (1992), pp. 408–425.
Kainer et al., 1998 K.A. Kainer, M.L. Duryea, N.C. De Macedo and K. Williams, Brazil nut seedling establishment and autoecology in extractive reserves of Acre, Brazil, Ecological Applications 8 (2) (1998), pp. 397–410. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (13)
Kainer et al., 2003 K.A. Kainer, M. Schmink, A.C.P. Leite and M.J.D. Fadell, Experiments in forest-based development in western Amazonia, Society & Natural Resources 16 (10) (2003), pp. 869–886. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (13)
Katzman, 1977 M.T. Katzman, Cities and Frontiers in Brazil: Regional Dimensions of Economic Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1977).
Keck, 1995 M.E. Keck, Social equity and environmental politics in Brazil: lessons from the rubber tappers of Acre, Comparative Politics 27 (4) (1995), pp. 409–424. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (24)
Laurance et al., 2001 W.F. Laurance, M.A. Cochrane, S. Bergen, P.M. Fearnside, P. Delamonica, C. Barber, S. D’Angelo and T. Fernandes, The future of the Brazilian Amazon, Science 291 (5503) (2001), pp. 438–439. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (168)
Laurance et al., 2004 W.F. Laurance, A.K.M. Albernaz, P.M. Fearnside, H.L. Vasconcelos and L.V. Ferreira, Deforestation in Amazonia, Science 304 (5674) (2004), p. 1109. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (32)
Loker, 1993 W.M. Loker, The human ecology of cattle raising in the Peruvian Amazon: the view from the farm, Human Organization 52 (1) (1993), pp. 14–24.
Ludewigs, 2006 Ludewigs, T., 2006. Land use, market integration and landscape change: perspectives from rubber-tapers and colonist farmers in settlement areas. In: Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers’ conference, Chicago, IL.
Mahar, 1979 D.J. Mahar, Frontier Development Policy in Brazil: A Study of the Amazon Experience, Praeger, New York (1979).
Mahar, 1981 D.J. Mahar, Brazil: Integrated Development of the Northwest Frontier, World Bank, Washington, DC (1981).
Martinello, 1988 Martinello, P., 1988. A “Batalha da Borracha” na Segunda Guerra Mundial e suas consequências para o Vale Amazônico. Rio Branco, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cadernos UFAC Série “C” (1).
Mattoso and Fleischfresser, 1994 Mattoso, M.R., Fleischfresser, V., 1994. Amapá – Reserva Extrativista do Rio Cajari. In: Arnt, R. (Ed.), O destino da floresta reservas extrativistas e desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro, Relume-Dumará, pp. 91–149.
Menezes, 1994 Menezes, M.A., 1994. As reservas extrativistas como alternativa ao desmatamento na Amazônia. In: Arnt, R. (Ed.), O destino da floresta reservas extrativistas e desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro, Relume-Dumará, pp.17–47.
Minzenberg, 2005 Minzenberg, E., 2005. Hunting and Household in PDS São Salvador, Acre, Brazil. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Moegenburg and Levey, 2002 S.M. Moegenburg and D.J. Levey, Prospects for conserving biodiversity in Amazonian extractive reserves, Ecology Letters 5 (3) (2002), pp. 320–324. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (8)
Moran, 1981 E.F. Moran, Developing the Amazon, Indiana University Press, Bloomington (1981).
Mueller et al., 1994 B. Mueller, L. Alston, G.D. Libecap and R. Schneider, Land property rights and privatization in Brazil, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 34 (1994), pp. 261–280. Abstract
Nepstad et al., 1992 D.C. Nepstad, I.F. Brown, L. Luz, A. Alechandre and V. Viana, Biotic impoverishment of Amazonian forests by rubber tappers, loggers, and cattle ranchers. In: D.C. Nepstad and S. Schwartzman, Editors, Non-timber Products from Tropical Forests Evaluation of a Conservation and Development Strategy, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx (1992), pp. 1–14.
Nepstad et al., 2006 D.C. Nepstad, S. Schwartzman, B. Bamberger, M. Santilli, D. Ray, P. Schlesinger, P. Lefebvre, A. Alencar, E. Prinz, G. Fiske and A. Rolla, Inhibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands, Conservation Biology 20 (1) (2006), pp. 65–73. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (28)
Peralta and Mather, 2000 P. Peralta and P. Mather, An analysis of deforestation patterns in the extractive reserves of Acre, Amazonia from satellite imagery: A landscape ecological approach, International Journal of Remote Sensing 21 (13–14) (2000), pp. 2555–2570. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (34)
Peres et al., 2003 C.A. Peres, C. Baider, P.A. Zuidema, L.H.O. Wadt, K.A. Kainer, D.A.P. Gomes-Silva, R.P. Salomao, L.L. Simoes, E.R.N. Franciosi, F.C. Valverde, R. Gribel, G.H. Shepard, M. Kanashiro, P. Coventry, D.W. Yu, A.R. Watkinson and R.P. Freckleton, Demographic threats to the sustainability of Brazil nut exploitation, Science 302 (5653) (2003), pp. 2112–2114. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (27)
Peters, 1992 C.M. Peters, The economies and economics of oligarchic forests. In: D.C. Nepstad and S. Schwartzman, Editors, Non-timber Products from Tropical Forests Evaluation of a Conservation and Development Strategy, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx (1992), pp. 15–22.
Peters et al., 1989 C.M. Peters, A.H. Gentry and R.O. Mendelsohn, Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest, Nature 339 (6227) (1989), pp. 656–657.
Rêgo, 1999 J.F. Rêgo, Amazônia: do extrativismo ao neoextrativismo, Ciência Hoje 25 (147) (1999), pp. 62–65.
Rice et al., 1997 R.E. Rice, R.E. Gullison and J.W. Reid, Can sustainable management save tropical forests?, Scientific American 276 (4) (1997), pp. 44–49.
Rodríguez Cuadros et al., 2004 Rodríguez Cuadros, M., Viana, J., Vásquez López, E., Vera Ballón, D., Amado, A.M.M., Jiménez Sardón, D., Oliveros, G., Villar Rodríguez, L., 2004. Acta de la reunión regional de Rio Branco. Unpublished Government Document, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
Romanoff, 1992 S. Romanoff, Food and debt among rubber tappers in the Bolivian Amazon, Human Organization 51 (2) (1992), pp. 122–135.
Ruíz-Pérez et al., 2005 M. Ruíz-Pérez, M. Almeida, S. Dewi, E.M.L. Costa, M.C. Pantoja, A. Puntodewo, A.D. Postigo and A.G. De Andrade, Conservation and development in Amazonian extractive reserves: the case of Alto Juruá, Ambio 34 (3) (2005), pp. 218–223. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (3)
Salisbury, 2002 Salisbury, D.S., 2002. Geography in the jungle: investigating the utility of local knowledge for natural resource management in the western Amazon. Master’s thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Sant’Ana, 2004 H.A. Sant’Ana Jr., Florestania: A saga Acreana e os povos da floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco (2004).
Sassagawa, 1999 Sassagawa, H.S., 1999. Técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e sistema de informaço˝es geográficas (SIG) para estudo de ocupaçăo do espaço físico e dos tipos florestais da Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes, estado do Acre. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. (INPE) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Săo José dos Campos, Brazil.
Schmink and Wood, 1992 M. Schmink and C.H. Wood, Contested Frontiers in Amazonia, Columbia University Press, New York (1992).
Schneider, 1995 Schneider, R.R., 1995. Government and the economy on the Amazon frontier. World Bank Environment Paper, no. 11. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Schwartzman, 1989 S. Schwartzman, Extractive reserves: The rubber tappers’ strategy for sustainable use of the Amazonian rainforest. In: J.O. Browder, Editor, Fragile Lands of Latin America Strategies for Sustainable Development, Westview Press, Boulder (1989), pp. 150–165.
Schwartzman, 1992 S. Schwartzman, Land distribution and the social costs of frontier development in Brazil: Social and historical context of extractive reserves. In: D.C. Nepstad and S. Schwartzman, Editors, Non-timber Products from Tropical Forests Evaluation of a Conservation and Development Strategy, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx (1992), pp. 51–66.
Serrao et al., 1996 E.A.S. Serrao, D.C. Nepstad and R. Walker, Upland agricultural and forestry development in the Amazon: sustainability, criticality and resilience, Ecological Economics 18 (1) (1996), pp. 3–13. Abstract | PDF (893 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (27)
Shaeff, 2002 G.W. Shaeff, Avaliação da Comercialização, Série Assentamento Sustentável São Salvador vol. IV, PESACRE, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (2002).
Shoumatoff, 1990 A. Shoumatoff, The World is Burning: The Tragedy of Chico Mendes, Little, Brown, Boston (1990).
Simmons, 2002 C.S. Simmons, The local articulation of policy conflict: land use, environment, and Amerindian rights in eastern Amazonia, Professional Geographer 54 (2) (2002), pp. 241–258. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (16)
Slocum et al., 1995 In: R. Slocum, L. Wichhart, D. Rocheleau and B. Thomas-Slayter, Editors, Power, Process and Participation: Tools for Change, Intermediate Technology Publications, London (1995).
Smith, 1982 N.J.H. Smith, Rainforest Corridors the Transamazon Colonization Scheme, University of California Press, Berkeley (1982).
Smith et al., 1995 In: N.J.H. Smith, E.A.S. Serrao, P. Alvim and I.C. Falesi, Editors, Amazonia: Resiliency and Dynamism of the Land and its People, United Nations University Press, New York (1995).
Souza, 2006 Souza, F.K.A. 2006. Effectiveness of extractive reserves, agro-extractive reserves and colonist settlements in southwest Amazônia: An economic and land cover comparison of three land tenure types in Acre, Brazil. Master’s thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Stone, 2003 Stone, S., 2003. From tapping to cutting trees: Participation and agency in two community-based timber management projects in Acre, Brazil. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Toni, 1999 Toni, F., 1999. State-society relations on the agricultural frontier: the struggle for credit in the Transamazonica region, PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Toni et al., 2005 F. Toni, J.C. dos Santos, R.S. De Menezes, C.H. Wood and H. Sant’Anna, Dinâmica da pecuária na região de fronteira agrícola do Alto Rio Acre, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia (2005).
Vadjunec, 2006 Vadjunec, J.M., 2006. Environmental impact of land-use decisions on forests in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve. In: Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers’ conference, Chicago, IL.
Valentim et al., 2000 Valentim, J.F., Amaral, E.F. do., Miranda, E.M. de, d’Oliveira, M.V.N., Vilarreal, M.J., dos Santos, M.C., Borges, E.A., 2000. Relatório 2000: Modelo de assentamento rural sustentável para a Amazõnia occidental: Projeto de desenvolvimento sustentável São Salvador, Mancio Lima, Acre. EMBRAPA Unpublished report, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
Viana, 2004 J. Viana, Foreword. In: D.J. Zarin, J.R.R. Alavalapati, F.E. Putz and M. Schmink, Editors, Working Forests in the Neotropics: Conservation through Sustainable Management?, Columbia University Press, New York (2004), pp. xii–xvi.
Walker et al., 2000 R. Walker, E. Moran and L. Anselin, Deforestation and cattle ranching in the Brazilian Amazon: external capital and household processes, World Development 28 (4) (2000), pp. 683–699. SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (167 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (64)
Wallace, 2004 Wallace, R.H., 2004. The Effects of wealth and markets on rubber tapper use and knowledge of forest resources in Acre, Brazil. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Wawzyniak, 1994 Wawzyniak, J.V., 1994. Rondônia-Reserva Extrativista do Rio Ouro Preto. In: Arnt, R. (Ed.), O destino da floresta reservas extrativistas e desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro, Relume-Dumará, pp. 151–163.
Weinstein, 1983 B. Weinstein, The Amazon Rubber Boom, 1850–1920, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA (1983).
Corresponding author.
